Module 6

What was the role of Gandhi in India’s struggle for independence?
In South Africa, Gandhi organized Indians (mostly Muslims) to protests that country’s policies of racial segregation. He highlighted a new political philosophy known as “satyagraha” which was a confrontational, though nonviolent, approach to political action. He rose within the leadership ranks of the INC and applied his approach in periodic mass campaigns that drew support from Indians-- peasants and the urban poor, intellectuals and artisans, capitalists and socialists, Hindus and Muslisms. To many people, Gandhi possessed magical powers and produced miraculous events. He was the Mahatma which means “the great soul”. He worked to raise the status of India’s untouchables, which were the lowest and most ritually polluting groups within the caste hierarchy. 
Why was African rule in South Africa delayed until 1994, when it had occurred decades earlier elsewhere in the colonial world?
African rule was delayed until 1994 because after it had become independent from Great Britain it had been granted to a government wholly controlled by a white settler minority which represented less than twenty percent of total population. The country’s black African majority had no political rights whatsoever within the central state. Black South African’s struggles were therefore an internal opponent. The most prominent whites that took control were British settlers, and they had come to South Africa in the 19th century when Great Britain was the ruling colonial power. Hostility between white South Africans of British and Afrikaner background, both felt that their way of life and standard of living were jeopardized by any move toward black African majority rule. The intransigence of this sizable and threatened settler community explains why African rule was delayed until 1994 while India lacked this community had achieved Independence earlier. 
 What obstacles impeded the economic development of third-world countries?
Despite their political independence, most developing countries had little leverage in negotiations with the wealthy nations of the Global North and their immense transnational corporations. This is one obstacle that impeded the economic development of third-world countries. Other factors included the fact that the private economy was weakly developed and few entrepreneurs had substantial funds to invest. Variations in factors such as geography and natural resources, colonial experiences, regional cultures, the degree of political stability and social equality, state economic policies, population growth rates, and forms of involvement with the world economy impeded the economic development of third world countries.

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