Module 3

In what ways was Japan changing during the Tokugawa era?
In the Tokugawa era of Japan was left unstabilized and to create stability many changes were made. The Tokugawa regime broke the population into four hierarchically ranked groups. The groups were ranked in the order of highest to lowest by samurai’s, peasants, artisans, and merchants. They were all given specific rules to follow for their occupations, residence, hairstyles, dress, and behavior. With no army or wars to fight in the samurai became a bureaucratic group that made up five percent of the population. Peasants became entrepreneurs especially in the rice industry growing an abundance of rice. Exchange networks emerged making Japan a market economy. Confucianism also became popular in Japan increasing their literate population to forty percent men and fifteen percent of women. 
 In what ways were the histories of China and the Ottoman Empire similar during the 19thcentury? And how did they differ?
Both the Ottoman Empire and China obtained sufficient indepence and were called “semi colonies” however neither were able to hold onto their independence enough to fight off European invasion. China and the Ottoman Empire both fell. China’s collapse happened in 1912 and led to communism and relatively the same empire size. On the contrary, the Ottoman Empire fell after World War I and their nation became relatively smaller and lost its Arab and European Provinces. Religion wise, twentieth century China rejected their traditional religion of Confucianism. However, the Ottoman empire and their Islamic religion retained its place. 
In what different ways did various groups define the Ottoman Empire during the 19thcentury?
One group who defined the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century was a group called the Young Turks. The Young Turks disregarded anything that had to do with Islam and advocated for a secular public life. They supported a European style modernization and viewed the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish state. In 1908, a military coup formed, allowing the Young Turks to become more vigilant in their defiance. The Young Turks pushed for secularization of schools, courts, and law codes. They also, permitted elections, encouraged Turkish as the new official language, and  created a Law of Family Rights for all no matter what religion they were. Women also resisted because the Turks resisted in favor of them. The Young Turks opened schools for women, restricted polygamy, and allowed women to wear Western clothing. In return, women made publications, organizations and some abandoned their veils.

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